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PublicationAntioxidants in neurodegeneration: Truth or myth?( 2015-01-01)
;Capani F. ;Calvo E.B.Lillig C.H.The cell signaling theory was developed from the analysis of signal transduction from extracellular signals to intracellular effector molecules via G-protein coupled receptors by Rodbell [1] and Gilman [2]. First, an extracellular signal activates a receptor protein or protein complex. Then, this activation promotes the release of second messenger molecules. These molecules might act on transducer proteins, e.g., protein kinases, activate the production or release of third messenger molecules, or directly activate effector molecules. -
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PublicationHousehold Food Access and Child Malnutrition: Results from the Eight- Country MAL-ED Study( 2016-01-01)
;Psaki S. ;Bhutta Z.A. ;Ahmed T. ;Ahmed S. ;Bessong P. ;Islam M. ;John S. ;Lima A. ;Nesamvuni C. ;Shrestha P. ;Svensen E. ;Mcgrath M. ;Richard S. ;Seidman J. ;Caulfield L. ;Miller M.Checkley W. -
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PublicationKnowledge and innovation for development: The sisyphus challenge of the 21st centuryThis text provides a comprehensive introduction to the many different issues related to the Sisyphean task of building science and technology capabilities in developing countries. It attempts to answer crucial questions including: how can knowledge be utilized to improve the human condition, and how can we bridge the growing knowledge divide between those who produce and use modern science and technology – and those who do not?
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PublicationLivelihood - hope and conditions of a new paradigm for development studies: The case of Andean regions( 2014-10-01)
;Czerny M.This book is a bird's eye view of the livelihood and geographical conditions of backward rural areas in the central and northern Andes in Perú and in Argentina. There, people live in scattered settlements dedicated to subsistence agriculture and are also marginal to markets. NGOs are playing increasing roles in the development of peripheral rural regions, such as in Perú; while the State addresses the production at the commercial agricultural levels, the subsistence dwellers speak of the difficulties they continue to encounter to manage the marketing of their crops. In rural development, we found the need for interdisciplinary approaches to tackle the poor conditions of education, health protection, increased agricultural output, infrastructure, improved living (including sanitary) conditions and social development. In conclusion, we argue that rural development should be confronted within a systems approach that relies heavily on education. In fact the poor education of the peasantry is a hindrance to a better livelihood. All these thoughts are applied to Frias, Perú and Quebrada Lules in Argentina. The book is arranged in 15 chapters that discuss conceptual terms such as "livelihood "and continues to present the study area and its possibilities to development. This gives way to expand on a discussion on participatory research, programmes supporting livelihoods in developing countries, natural resources, and productive activity. The environmental characteristics of the district of Frias and its agriculture are examined, as well as the factors limiting the development of Frias, its threats, social vulnerability and dwellers' ways of life. The authors of this book also discuss the social ties and the role of local authorities in development taking, for example, the Quebrada de Lules in Argentina. -
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PublicationPotato Origin and ProductionThe extent of the potato gene pool, with its abundant landrace diversity and numerous wild relatives, offers a wide range of options for prospecting, prebreeding, and niche market development. Landraces are still widely produced by smallholder farmers in the center of origin and are a key component of complex production systems that cover multiple agroecologies and production objectives. Sustainable future conservation and use will require attention to systematic monitoring of potato genetic diversity, gap analysis, screening, and prebreeding. Modern and traditional uses are both main drivers behind the rational use of potato biodiversity. Both offer promise for the scientific advancement of potato chemistry and technology.
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PublicationRate control mechanism for LAN/MAN interworking systems( 1994-12-01)Hirzalla N.In this paper, a novel rate control scheme is presented. The main aim of this scheme is to regulate the flow of traffic through a high-speed backbone network interconnecting multiple LANs. The scheme is implemented at the interconnection devices (bridges) where the traffic from each source-destination LAN pair is monitored and enforced. This scheme aims to provide a fair sharing of the network resources. LAN/MAN systems are of particular interest as the deployment of this kind of systems is seen as the first step to the development of the future Broadband-ISDN.
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PublicationStem cells and their contribution to tissue repair( 2010-12-01)
;Rios C. ;Garbayo E. ;Gomez L. ;Curtis K. ;D'Ippolito G.Mammalian stem cells can be obtained mostly at all developmental stages and from numerous anatomical sites. Human adult stem cells are perhaps the most clinically relevant. Due to their broader clinical use, extensive research, and a rather more comprehensive understanding of their physiology, bone marrow-derived cells appear as the first choice for applications in regenerative medicine. Models for addressing fundamental aspects of stem cell biology and behavior have been developed in numerous species including C. elegans, drosophila, rodents, and humans. Extensive research around the world has dramatically increased our understanding of the fundamental aspects of stem cell biology and their applications for the treatment of human and animal diseases. Numerous environmental and trophic factors have been identified to play central roles in regulating the self-renewal, proliferation, migration, differentiation, senescence, and death of stem cells, their derived progeny, and the final differentiated cells that perform all tissue and organ functions. Multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells, derived primarily from the bone marrow, have been examined extensively for their capacity to repair damaged tissues. Besides direct differentiation of the stem cells to the desired mature cell type, other indirect mechanisms have been identified to play important roles in the overall repair of the injured tissue. These included production of paracrine factors, modulation of the host inflammatory response, host cell survival, and recruitment and activation of host tissue stem cells. © 2010 Bentham Science Publishers Ltd. All rights reserved. -
PublicationTechniques in diagnosing dermatologic manifestations of infectious diseases(Cambridge University Press, 2009-01-01)A vital step toward making the right diagnosis when dealing with infectious diseases is ordering the appropriate test. That implies having a certain idea of the range of possible organisms involved and directing your workup toward ruling in or out a specific agent. Of course, there will be cases where a more blind approach is in order and a large range of diagnostic possibilities should be considered. In those situations, smears and cultures for bacterial, mycobacterial, and fungal microorganisms are indicated. Also viral diseases should be considered in specific situations, such as febrile patients with disseminated maculopapular or vesicular rashes. However, just for practical purposes, it is better to take a syndromic approach, considering a range of possibilities regarding the etiology of the lesions and then, selecting the appropriate test. Let us take an example such as a patient with a sporotrichoid pattern of lesions. If the diagnosis to confirm is sporotrichosis, a fungal culture will be very sensitive and very specific. Pyogenic bacteria such as Staphylococcal aureus can also produce such a pattern. In these cases, a Gram stain and routine culture will be helpful. But, if the patient likes fishing, swimming, or diving besides gardening an atypical mycobacterial infection (M. marinum) also has to be listed in the differential. In such cases, a biopsy, acid-fast stain, and mycobacterial culture should also be considered, although recognizing this is a difficult diagnosis to make because of the low sensitivity of each individual test.
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PublicationThe custodians of biodiversity: Sharing access to and benefits of genetic resourcesGlobally, local and indigenous approaches to conserving biodiversity, crop improvement, and managing precious natural resources are under threat. Many communities have to deal with ‘biopiracy,' for example. As well, existing laws are usually unsuitable for protecting indigenous and traditional knowledge and for recognizing collective rights, such as in cases of participatory plant breeding, where farmers, researchers and others join forces to improve existing crop varieties or develop new ones, based on shared knowledge and resources. This book addresses these issues. It outlines the national and international policy processes that are currently underway to protect local genetic resources and related traditional knowledge and the challenges these initiatives have faced. In particular these themes are addressed within the context of the Convention of Biological Diversity and the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. The authors broaden the policy and legal debates beyond the sphere of policy experts to include the knowledge-holders themselves. These are the ‘custodians of biodiversity’: farmers, herders and fishers in local communities. Their experience in sharing access and benefits to genetic resources is shown to be crucial for the development of effective national and international agreements. The book presents and analyzes this experience, including case studies from China, Cuba, Honduras, Jordan, Nepal, Peru and Syria. Copublished with the International Development Research Centre (IDRC).
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PublicationThe future of development financing: Challenges, scenarios and strategic choicesToday's international development financing system seems like a collection of disjointed entities that often work at cross purposes without being able to mobilize enough finance for developing countries in their efforts to reduce poverty and improve living standards. This book brings together the vast array of new initiatives in financing mechanisms and proposals to transform the development finance architecture. Based on four different scenarios for the next ten-year period, proposals are made for how to reach an effective system.
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PublicationThe growth of firms: A survey of theories and empirical evidenceMuch progress has been made in empirical research into firm growth in recent decades due to factors such as the availability of detailed longitudinal datasets, more powerful computers and new econometric techniques. This book provides an up-to-date catalogue of empirical work, as well as a coherent theoretical structure within which these new results can be interpreted and understood. It brings together a large body of recent research on firm growth from a multidisciplinary perspective, providing an up-to-date synthesis of stylized facts and empirical regularities. Numerous empirical findings and theories of firm growth are also surveyed and compared in order to evaluate their validity. © Alex Coad 2009. All rights reserved.
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PublicationThe potato crop: Its agricultural, nutritional and social contribution to humankind( 2019-01-01)
;Campos H.This book is open access under a CC BY 4.0 license. This book provides a fresh, updated and science-based perspective on the current status and prospects of the diverse array of topics related to the potato, and was written by distinguished scientists with hands-on global experience in research aspects related to potato. The potato is the third most important global food crop in terms of consumption. Being the only vegetatively propagated species among the world’s main five staple crops creates both issues and opportunities for the potato: on the one hand, this constrains the speed of its geographic expansion and its options for international commercialization and distribution when compared with commodity crops such as maize, wheat or rice. On the other, it provides an effective insulation against speculation and unforeseen spikes in commodity prices, since the potato does not represent a good traded on global markets. These two factors highlight the underappreciated and underrated role of the potato as a dependable nutrition security crop, one that can mitigate turmoil in world food supply and demand and political instability in some developing countries. Increasingly, the global role of the potato has expanded from a profitable crop in developing countries to a crop providing income and nutrition security in developing ones. This book will appeal to academics and students of crop sciences, but also policy makers and other stakeholders involved in the potato and its contribution to humankind’s food security. -
PublicationThe wellbeing of women in entrepreneurship: A global perspective(Taylor and Francis Inc., 2019-07-01)
;Lepeley M.T. ;Beutell N. ;Pouw N.Eijdenberg E.L.Women accomplish nearly two-thirds of total work around the world (including household duties), comprise one-third of the formal labor force, but women receive one-tenth of the world's income and own only one-hundredth of the world's property. Entrepreneurship is a vehicle for advancing the lives of women around the world. This book brings together 49 distinguished entrepreneurship scholars to provide a unique global vision of the wellbeing of women entrepreneurs necessary for fostering sustainable development and inclusive societies. Although gender inequality is an important issue, solutions leading to gender parity are far from reaching ideal levels in the formal workplace and globally. Meanwhile the number of women involved in entrepreneurship is growing exponentially because there are more opportunities for women to own a business and be their own boss. This offers women the most desirable and flexible working conditions that better align with women's lifestyles and multiple family responsibilities. However, entrepreneurial activities are demanding and complex; compared to men, women face special challenges that deserve close attention. This book presents research and programs to effectively support women entrepreneurs in reaching levels of wellbeing required to ensure business sustainability and personal prosperity. Offering a diversity perspectives from around the globe, The Wellbeing of Women in Entrepreneurship is of great interest to academics and practitioners working in teaching and research in disciplines including business management, entrepreneurship, oganizational change, human centered management, human resources, sustainable development, and women's studies. -
PublicationTrends in rhizobial evolution and some taxonomic remarks( 2010-12-01)
;Martínez-Romero J.C. ;Rogel M.A. ;López-López A.Martínez-Romero E.Bacteria that establish nitrogen-fixing symbiosis in specialized plant structures belong to only three of over 100 bacterial phyla. Among these, rhizobial symbioses are the best known and nodulation genes (nod) have been described in many species. nodA phylogenies revealed a larger diversity in Bradyrhizobium than in other genera and suggest that bradyrhizobial nod genes are the oldest in agreement to the proposal that nod genes evolved in Bradyrhizobium (Plant Soil 161:11-20, 1994). In many cases, rhizobial symbiotic and housekeeping genes have different evolutionary histories in relation to the lateral transfer of symbiotic genes among bacteria. Misclassified Rhizobium strains were identified, to properly identify rhizobial species we propose the use of fragments of the rpoB and dnaK genes, which according to probability analyses reflect the behavior of whole genes. With these analyses several rhizobial species related to Agrobacterium tumefaciens may be reclassified to a genus other than Rhizobium. © 2010 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. -
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PublicationWriters, Readers, and Erasers of Epigenetic MarksChanges in gene expression and activity underlie the formation of cancerous tumors. Historically, alterations (deletions, point mutations, translocations, etc.) in the DNA genome of the cell were believed to be the basis for tumor formation, but recent studies have demonstrated that epigenetic modifications, which involve the regulated addition of chemical groups to DNA and histones, also profoundly affect gene expression and, thus, cancer. Both genomic region compaction and gene expression are modulated by epigenetic modifications, which are deposited by specific enzymes (known as "writers"), and subsequently recognized by effector proteins ("readers"). Most, if not all, epigenetic marks are reversible, and various enzymes ("erasers") remove these marks. The complex interplay of these three classes of proteins controls gene transcription, and defects in this system contribute to cancer initiation and progression. This chapter will introduce the key concepts surrounding these three types of proteins, with a particular focus on methyl and acetyl marks.